Submissions for variant NM_000162.5(GCK):c.214G>A (p.Gly72Arg)

dbSNP: rs193922289

Total submissions: 11

Submitter	RCV	SCV	Clinical significance	Condition	Last evaluated	Review status	Method	Comment
ClinGen Monogenic Diabetes Variant Curation Expert Panel	RCV001248967	SCV004032094	pathogenic	Monogenic diabetes	2023-08-13	reviewed by expert panel	curation	The c.214G>A variant in the glucokinase gene, GCK causes an amino acid change of glycine to arginine at codon 72 (p.(Gly72Arg)) of NM_000162.5. GCK is defined by the ClinGen MDEP as a gene that has a low rate of benign missense variation and has pathogenic missense variants as a common mechanism of disease (PP2). This variant is also predicted to be deleterious by computational evidence, with a REVEL score of 0.994, which is greater than the MDEP VCEP threshold of 0.70 (PP3). This variant has an incomputable gnomAD v2.1.1 Popmax minor filtering allele frequency due to 0 copies in the European non-Finnish subpopulation and 1 copies in the African/African American subpopulation, thereby meeting the ClinGen MDEP threshold criteria for PM2_Supporting (ENF Popmax FAF <= 0.000003 and <= 2 copies in ENF and <=1 copy in any other subpopulation) (PM2_Supporting). This variant was identified in 48 unrelated individuals with diabetes/hyperglycemia (PS4; internal lab contributors). This variant was identified in an individual with a clinical history highly specific for GCK-hyperglycemia (FBG 5.5-8 mmol/L and HbA1c 5.6 - 7.6% and OGTT increment < 3 mmol/L) (PP4_Moderate, internal lab contributors). This variant segregated with diabetes/hyperglycemia with 23 informative meioses in multiple families (PP1_Strong; internal lab contributors). A kinetic analysis of recombinant wild-type (WT) and mutant glucokinase demonstrated that the wild-type kinetic parameters passed the quality control, the wild-type ATP Km was between 0.4-0.65, the p.Gly72Arg had a relative activity index (RAI) > 0.5 and a relative stability index (RSI) <=0.5 (PS3_Supporting; PMID: 25015100). In summary, c.214G>A meets the criteria to be classified as Pathogenic for monogenic diabetes. ACMG/AMP criteria applied, as specified by the ClinGen MDEP VCEP (specification version 1.2.0, approved 8/11/2023): PS4, PP1_Strong, PP4_Moderate, PS3_Supporting, PM2_Supporting, PP3, PP2.
Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp	RCV001248967	SCV000052527	pathogenic	Monogenic diabetes	2022-06-17	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Variant summary: GCK c.214G>A (p.Gly72Arg) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the Hexokinase, N-terminal domain (IPR022672) of the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 4e-06 in 251464 control chromosomes. c.214G>A has been reported in the literature in multiple individuals affected with Maturity Onset Diabetes Of The Young 2 (example, Mantovani_2003, Lehto_1999, Cao_2002, Pruhova_2010). These data indicate that the variant is very likely to be associated with disease. To our knowledge, no experimental evidence demonstrating an impact on protein function has been reported. Six clinical diagnostic laboratories have submitted clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014 without evidence for independent evaluation. All laboratories classified the variant as pathogenic/likely pathogenic. Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as pathogenic.
GeneDx	RCV000255585	SCV000321712	pathogenic	not provided	2024-04-04	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	Published functional studies demonstrate increased activity compared to wild type as well as decreased thermal stability of the protein (Sagen et al., 2006; Raimondo et al., 2014); In silico analysis, which includes protein predictors and evolutionary conservation, supports a deleterious effect; Not observed at significant frequency in large population cohorts (gnomAD); Missense variants in this gene are a common cause of disease and they are underrepresented in the general population; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 17389332, 18399931, 24735133, 29056535, 34462253, 31216263, 21831042, 19187021, 16731834, 25015100, 24411943, 26669242, 12442280, 12955723, 20337973, 17573900, 10447526, 30191644, 30663027, 34108472, 33565752, 34746319)
Athena Diagnostics	RCV000255585	SCV000842164	pathogenic	not provided	2018-07-12	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing
Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard	RCV001248967	SCV001422798	likely pathogenic	Monogenic diabetes	2020-01-22	criteria provided, single submitter	curation	The p.Gly72Arg variant in GCK has been reported in at least 12 individuals (including 2 Mediterranean, 2 Scandinavian, 2 Spanish, 1 Italian, 1 Czech, 1 Turkish, 1 Slovakian, 1 Norwegian, and 1 Asian individuals) with Monogenic Diabetes, segregated with disease in 6 affected relatives from 3 families (PMID: 27106716, 25015100, 22493702, 18399931, 10447526, 12955723, 20337973, 17573900, 15305805), and has been identified in 0.006155% (1/16248) of African chromosomes by the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD, http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org; dbSNP rs193922289). Although this variant has been seen in the general population, its frequency is low enough to be consistent with a carrier frequency. Please note that for diseases with clinical variability, or reduced penetrance, pathogenic variants may be present at a low frequency in the general population. This variant has also been reported pathogenic in ClinVar (Variation ID: 36209). In vitro functional studies provide some evidence that the p.Gly72Arg variant may impact protein activity and interactions with a regulatory protein (PMID: 21831042, 22028181, 17389332, 19187021). However, these types of assays may not accurately represent biological function. Computational prediction tools and conservation analyses suggest that this variant may impact the protein, though this information is not predictive enough to determine pathogenicity. The p.Gly72Arg is located in a region of GCK that is essential to ATP binding and associated with hypoglycemia, suggesting that this variant is in an important functional domain and slightly supports pathogenicity (PMID: 15305805, 19187021). In summary, although additional studies are required to fully establish its clinical significance, this variant is likely pathogenic. ACMG/AMP Criteria applied: PS3_moderate, PS4_Moderate, PP1_Moderate, PM2_Supporting, PP3, PM1_Supporting (Richards 2015).
Labcorp Genetics (formerly Invitae), Labcorp	RCV000255585	SCV002240683	pathogenic	not provided	2025-01-20	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	This sequence change replaces glycine, which is neutral and non-polar, with arginine, which is basic and polar, at codon 72 of the GCK protein (p.Gly72Arg). This variant is present in population databases (rs193922289, gnomAD 0.007%). This missense change has been observed in individuals with autosomal dominant maturity-onset diabetes of the young (PMID: 10447526, 12442280, 30259503, 30447144, 30663027, 31216263; internal data). ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 36209). Invitae Evidence Modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt GCK protein function with a positive predictive value of 80%. Studies have shown that this missense change alters GCK gene expression (PMID: 16731834, 17389332). This variant disrupts the p.Gly72 amino acid residue in GCK. Other variant(s) that disrupt this residue have been observed in individuals with GCK-related conditions (PMID: 31216263), which suggests that this may be a clinically significant amino acid residue. For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic.
AiLife Diagnostics, AiLife Diagnostics	RCV000255585	SCV002502810	likely pathogenic	not provided	2021-12-01	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing
Seattle Children's Hospital Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Seattle Children's Hospital	RCV000255585	SCV002525646	pathogenic	not provided	2020-07-10	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	The p.Gly72Arg variant substitutes the glycine with arginine at position 72 of the protein. This is a recurrent pathogenic variant that has been reported in the heterozygous state in multiple individuals with MODY (PMID: 19790256, PMID: 10447526, PMID: 12442280, PMID: 30191644 and others). This is not a common variant in the general population (observed in 1 of 251,364 alleles; gnomAD v2.1.1). The p.Gly72Arg variant has been experimentally demonstrated to reduce GCK catalytic activity (PMID: 19187021, PMID: 17389332)
Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA - Fiona Stanley Hospital	RCV000029872	SCV002549733	pathogenic	Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2	2022-01-31	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	The GCK p.Gly72Arg variant is pathogenic for maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), with functional studies demonstrating that Gly27Arg results in reduced glucokinase activity and loss of stabilising interactions with glucokinase regulatory protein (PMID: 19187021, 17389332).
Ambry Genetics	RCV002426523	SCV002728037	likely pathogenic	Maturity onset diabetes mellitus in young	2020-11-13	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	The p.G72R variant (also known as c.214G>A), located in coding exon 3 of the GCK gene, results from a G to A substitution at nucleotide position 214. The glycine at codon 72 is replaced by arginine, an amino acid with dissimilar properties. This variant has been identified in numerous maturity onset diabetes of the young families (Lehto M et al. Diabetologia, 1999 Sep;42:1131-7; Cao H et al. Hum. Mutat., 2002 Dec;20:478-9; Mantovani V et al. Hum. Mutat., 2003 Oct;22:338; Sagen JV et al. Pediatr Diabetes, 2008 Oct;9:442-9; Pruhova S et al. Pediatr Diabetes, 2010 Dec;11:529-35; Valent&iacute;nov&aacute; L et al. PLoS ONE, 2012 May;7:e34541; Raimondo A et al. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2014 Dec;23:6432-40; Bansal V et al. BMC Med, 2017 12;15:213). In addition, kinetic studies demonstrated reduced thermal stability compared to wild type (Raimondo A et al. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2014 Dec;23:6432-40). This amino acid position is highly conserved in available vertebrate species. In addition, this alteration is predicted to be deleterious by in silico analysis. Based on the majority of available evidence to date, this variant is likely to be pathogenic.
ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories	RCV000255585	SCV005877972	pathogenic	not provided	2023-12-12	criteria provided, single submitter	clinical testing	The GCK c.214G>A; p.Gly72Arg variant (rs193922289) is reported in several individuals with MODY and segregates with disease in affected family members (Ates 2021, Cao 2002, Johnson 2019, Katashima 2021, Lehto 1999, Yalcintepe 2021). Multiple functional analyses of the variant protein demonstrate an effect on protein function (Arden 2007, Ralph 2009, Sagen 2006, Zelent 2011). This variant is also reported in ClinVar (Variation ID: 36209). It is only observed on one allele in the Genome Aggregation Database, indicating it is not a common polymorphism. Computational analyses predict that this variant is deleterious (REVEL: 0.994). Based on available information, this variant is considered to be pathogenic. References: Arden C et al. Cell biology assessment of glucokinase mutations V62M and G72R in pancreatic beta-cells: evidence for cellular instability of catalytic activity. Diabetes. 2007 Jul;56(7):1773-82. PMID: 17389332. Ates EA et al. Genetic and Clinical Characterization of Patients with Maturity-Onset of Diabetes of the Young (MODY): Identification of Novel Variations. Balkan Med J. 2021 Sep;38(5):272-277. PMID: 34462253. Cao H et al. GCK and HNF1A mutations in Canadian families with maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Hum Mutat. 2002 Dec;20(6):478-9. PMID: 12442280. Johnson SR et al. Comprehensive genetic screening: The prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young gene variants in a population-based childhood diabetes cohort. Pediatr Diabetes. 2019 Feb;20(1):57-64. PMID: 30191644. Katashima R et al. Identification of Novel GCK and HNF4a Gene Variants in Japanese Pediatric Patients with Onset of Diabetes before 17 Years of Age. J Diabetes Res. 2021 Oct 29;2021:7216339. PMID: 34746319. Lehto M et al. High frequency of mutations in MODY and mitochondrial genes in Scandinavian patients with familial early-onset diabetes. Diabetologia. 1999 Sep;42(9):1131-7. PMID: 10447526. Ralph EC et al. Biochemical characterization of MODY2 glucokinase variants V62M and G72R reveals reduced enzymatic activities relative to wild type. Biochemistry. 2009 Mar 24;48(11):2514-21. PMID: 19187021. Sagen JV et al. From clinicogenetic studies of maturity-onset diabetes of the young to unraveling complex mechanisms of glucokinase regulation. Diabetes. 2006 Jun;55(6):1713-22. PMID: 16731834. Yalcintepe S et al. The Application of Next Generation Sequencing Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young Gene Panel in Turkish Patients from Trakya Region. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2021 Aug 23;13(3):320-331. PMID: 33565752 Zelent B et al. Mutational analysis of allosteric activation and inhibition of glucokinase. Biochem J. 2011 Dec 1;440(2):203-15. PMID: 21831042.