ClinVar Miner

Submissions for variant NM_000162.5(GCK):c.766G>A (p.Glu256Lys)

dbSNP: rs769268803
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Total submissions: 7
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Submitter RCV SCV Clinical significance Condition Last evaluated Review status Method Comment
GeneDx RCV000255753 SCV000321715 pathogenic not provided 2021-10-20 criteria provided, single submitter clinical testing Published functional studies show markedly reduced glucokinase activity compared to wildtype and demonstrates a hypomorphic allele (Gidh-Jain et al., 1993; Molnes et al., 2008); Not observed at significant frequency in large population cohorts (Lek et al., 2016); Missense variants in this gene are often considered pathogenic (Stenson et al., 2014); In silico analysis supports that this missense variant has a deleterious effect on protein structure/function; This variant is associated with the following publications: (PMID: 31957151, 25555642, 23476789, 23624530, 20337973, 17573900, 27913849, 26123671, 18397317, 25306193, 23778137, 27634015, 28331372, 8446612)
Athena Diagnostics Inc RCV000255753 SCV000613455 pathogenic not provided 2022-10-05 criteria provided, single submitter clinical testing The frequency of this variant in the general population is consistent with pathogenicity (http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org). This variant has been identified in multiple unrelated individuals with MODY. Assessment of experimental evidence suggests this variant results in abnormal protein function. See PMID: 18397317.
Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics RCV000763583 SCV000894422 pathogenic Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency; Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 2018-10-31 criteria provided, single submitter clinical testing
Invitae RCV000255753 SCV002245931 pathogenic not provided 2023-12-20 criteria provided, single submitter clinical testing This sequence change replaces glutamic acid, which is acidic and polar, with lysine, which is basic and polar, at codon 256 of the GCK protein (p.Glu256Lys). This variant is present in population databases (rs769268803, gnomAD 0.0009%). This missense change has been observed in individual(s) with autosomal dominant maturity onset diabetes of the young (PMID: 17573900, 27634015, 28331372, 31957151). In at least one individual the variant was observed to be de novo. It has also been observed to segregate with disease in related individuals. ClinVar contains an entry for this variant (Variation ID: 265175). Advanced modeling of protein sequence and biophysical properties (such as structural, functional, and spatial information, amino acid conservation, physicochemical variation, residue mobility, and thermodynamic stability) performed at Invitae indicates that this missense variant is expected to disrupt GCK protein function with a positive predictive value of 80%. Experimental studies have shown that this missense change affects GCK function (PMID: 8446612). For these reasons, this variant has been classified as Pathogenic.
Seattle Children's Hospital Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Seattle Children's Hospital RCV000255753 SCV002525645 pathogenic not provided criteria provided, single submitter clinical testing The c.766G>A variant in exon 7 of the GCK gene substitutes the glutamic acid with lysine at amino acid position 256 of the glucokinase protein. This is a recurrent pathogenic variant that has been reported in the heterozygous state in several individuals with MODY. It is not a common variant in the general population (observed in 1 of 251,142 alleles; GnomAD v2.1). The p.Glu256Lys variant falls within the glucose binding site of GCK and has been experimentally demonstrated to cause a loss of catalytic activity. PMIDs: 25555642, 27634015, 28331372, 23476789, 8446612, NBK500456, 30225972, 21844708, 23771172
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center RCV003493556 SCV004244361 pathogenic Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 2024-01-22 criteria provided, single submitter clinical testing Criteria applied: PS3,PS4,PM5,PM2_SUP,PP1,PP3
ARUP Laboratories, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, ARUP Laboratories RCV000255753 SCV004562624 pathogenic not provided 2023-10-11 criteria provided, single submitter clinical testing The GCK c.766G>A; p.Glu256Lys variant (rs769268803) is reported in the literature in multiple patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type II (MODY2) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), although no clear co-segregation is shown (Brahm 2016, Emelyanov 2017, Mirshahi 2022, Xu 2020). This variant is also reported in ClinVar (Variation ID: 265175) and is only observed on one allele in the Genome Aggregation Database, indicating it is not a common polymorphism. Multiple lines of conformational and functional studies showed that this variant is part of the critical glucose binding domain (Yellapu 2013) and has profound impact on GCK catalytic activity ex vivo (Gidh-Jain 1993). Different amino acid substitutions at this residue (p.Glu256Ala, p.Glu256Asp, and p.Glu256Gly) have also been reported in patients with MODY2 and are considered to be disease-causing (Santana 2017, Garin 2008, Zmyslowska 2022). The glutamic acid at codon 256 is highly conserved, and computational analyses predict that this variant is deleterious (REVEL: 0.977). Based on available information, the p.Glu256Lys variant is considered to be pathogenic. References: Brahm AJ et al. Genetic Confirmation Rate in Clinically Suspected Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young. Can J Diabetes. 2016 Dec;40(6):555-560. PMID: 27634015. Garin I, et al. Haploinsufficiency at GCK gene is not a frequent event in MODY2 patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Jun;68(6):873-8. PMID: 18248649. Gidh-Jain M, et al. Glucokinase mutations associated with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus have decreased enzymatic activity: implications for structure/function relationships. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 1;90(5):1932-6. PMID: 8446612. Emelyanov AO et al. A glucokinase gene mutation in a young boy with diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Int Med Case Rep J. 2017 Mar 7;10:77-80. PMID: 28331372. Mirshahi UL et al. Reduced penetrance of MODY-associated HNF1A/HNF4A variants but not GCK variants in clinically unselected cohorts. Am J Hum Genet. 2022 Nov 3;109(11):2018-2028. PMID: 36257325. Santana LS et al. Clinical application of ACMG-AMP guidelines in HNF1A and GCK variants in a cohort of MODY families. Clin Genet. 2017 Oct;92(4):388-396. PMID: 28170077. Xu A et al. Molecular diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young in a cohort of Chinese children. Pediatr Diabetes. 2020 May;21(3):431-440. PMID: 31957151. Yellapu NK et al. Structural Variations of Human Glucokinase Glu256Lys in MODY2 Condition Using Molecular Dynamics Study. Biotechnol Res Int. 2013;2013:264793. PMID: 23476789. Zmyslowska A et al. Next- generation sequencing is an effective method for diagnosing patients with different forms of monogenic diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022 Jan;183:109154. PMID: 34826540.

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